বনিক

বিপ্লব Avgv‡`i Avm‡eB-

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wUkvU© A_ev P‡qi g‡M;

বিপ্লব Avgv‡`i Avm‡eB-

gv·© evD‡ji nvZ a‡i,

gy‡Li `uvwo A_ev j¤^v Pz‡j;

বিপ্লব Avgv‡`i Avm‡eB-

Pxb-ivwkqvi nvZ a‡i,

cv‡Ri-wbkvb A_ev †divwii ¯^cœ wb‡q,

বিপ্লব Avgv‡`i Avm‡eB-

wgwQj Avi wgwUs‡qi nvZ a‡i,

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মহামান্য আদালেতর ৫ম সংশোধনী সম্পর্কে বক্তব্য

Summary of 5th Amendment jurisdiction of Republic Bangladesh



PART XXXVI
Summary

To summarise, we hold:

1. Bangladesh is a Sovereign Democratic Republic, governed by the Government of laws and not of men.

2. The constitution of Bangladesh being the embodiment of the will of the Sovereign People of the Republic of Bangladesh, is the supreme law and all other laws, actions or proceedings, must conform to it and any law or action or proceeding, in whatever form and manner, if made in violation of the Constitution, is void and non est.

3. The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary are the three pillars of the Republic, created by the Constitution, as such, are bound by its provisions. The Legislature makes the law, the Executive runs the government in accordance with law and the Judiciary ensures the enforcement of the provisions of the Constitution.

4. All Functionaries of the Republic and all services of the Republic, namely, Civil Service, Defence Services and all other services, owe its existence to the Constitution and must obey its edicts.

5. State of emergency can only be declared by the President of the Republic on the advice of the Prime Minister, in case of imminent danger to the security or economic life of the Republic.

6. The Constitution stipulates a democratic Republic, run by the elected representatives of the people of Bangladesh but any attempt by any person or group of persons, how high so ever, to usurp an elected government, shall render themselves liable for high treason.

7. A proclamation can only be issued to declare an existing law under the Constitution, but not for promulgating a new law or offence or for any other purpose.

8. There is no such law in Bangladesh as Martial Law and no such authority as Martial Law Authority, as such, if any person declares Martial Law, he will be liable for high treason against the Republic. Obedience to superior orders is itself no defense.

9. The taking over of the powers of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh with effect from the morning of 15th August, 1975, by the Khandakar Mushtaque Ahmed, an usurper, placing Bangladesh under Martial Law and his assumption of the office of the President of Bangladesh, were in clear violation of the Constitution, as such illegal, without lawful authority and without jurisdiction.

10. The nomination of Mr. Justice Abusadat Mohammad Sayem, as the President of Bangladesh, on November, 6, 1975, and his taking over the Office of President of Bangladesh and his assumption of the powers of the Chief Martial Law Administrator and his appointment of the Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator and his appointment of the Deputy Chief Marital Law Administrators by the Proclamation issued on November 8, 1975, were all in violation of the Constitution.

11. The handing over of the Officer of Martial Law Administrator to Major General Ziaur Rahman B.U., PSC., by the aforesaid Justice Abusadat Mohammad Sayem, by the Third Proclamation issued on November 29, 1976, enabling the said Major General Ziaur Rahman, to exercise all the powers of the Chief Martial Law powers of the Chief Martial Law Administrator, was beyond the ambit of the Constitution.

12. The nomination of Major General Ziaur Rahaman,B.U., to become the President of Bangladesh by Justice Abusadat Mohammad Sayem, the assumption of office of the President of Bangladesh by Major General Ziaur Rahman, B.U., were without lawful authority and without jurisdiction.

13. The Referendum Order, 1977 (Martial Law Order No. 1 of 1977), published in Bangladesh Gazette On 1st May, 1977, is unknown to the Constitution, being made only to ascertain the confidence of the people of Bangladesh in one person, namely, Major General Ziaur Rahman, B.U.

14. All the Proclamations, Martial Law Regulations and Martial Law Orders made during the period from August 15, 1975 to April 9, 1979, were illegal, void and non est because:
i. Those were made by persons without lawful authority, as such, without Jurisdiction,
ii. The Constitution was made subordinate and subservient to those Proclamations, Martial Law Regulations and Martial Law Regulations and Martial Orders,
iii. Those provisions disgraced the constitution which is the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh, as such disgraced the people of Bangladesh also,
iv. From August 15, 1975 to April 7, 1979, Bangladesh was ruled not by the representatives of the people but by the usurpers and dictators, as such, during the said period the people and their country, the Republic of Bangladesh, lost its sovereign republic character and was under the subjugation of the dictators,
v. From November 1975 to March, 1979 Bangladesh was without any Parliament and was ruled by the dictators, as such, lost its democratic character for the said period.
vi. The Proclamations etc., destroyed the basic character of the Constitution, such as, change of the secular character, negation of Bangalee nationalism, negation of the Rule of law, ouster of the Jurisdiction of Court, denial of those constitute seditious offence.

15. Paragraph 3A was illegal, firstly because it sought to validate the Proclamations. MLRs and MLOs which were illegal, and secondly, Paragraph 3A, made by the Proclamation Orders, as such, itself was void.

16. The Parliament may enact any law but subject to the Constitution. The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1979 is ultra vires, because:
Firstly, section 2 of the Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1979, enacted Paragraph 18, for its insertion in the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution, in order to ratify, confirm and validate the Proclamations, MLRs and MLOs etc. during the period from august 15, 1975 to April 9, 1979, since those Proclamations. MLRs, MLOs etc., were illegal and void, there were nothing for the Parliament to ratify, confirm and validate.
Secondly, the Proclamation etc., being illegal and constituting offence, its ratification, confirmation and validation, by the Parliament were against common right and reason.
Thirdly, the Constitution was made subordinate and subservient to the Proclamations etc.
Fourthly, those Proclamations etc. destroyed its basic features.
Fifthly, ratification, confirmation and validation do not come within the ambit of `amendment’ in Article 142 of the Constitution.
Sixthly, lack of long title which is a mandatory condition for amendment, made the amendment void.
Seventhly, the Fifth Amendment was made for a collateral purpose which constituted a fraud upon the people of Bangladesh and its Constitution.

17. The Fourth Schedule as envisage under Article 150 is meant for transitional and temporary provisions, since Paragraph 3A and 18, were neither transitional nor temporary, the insertion of those Paragraph in the Fourth Schedule are beyond the ambit of Article 150 of the Constitution.

18. The turmoil or crisis in the country is no excuse for any violation of the Constitution or its deviation on any pretext. Such turmoil or crisis must be faced and quelled within the ambit of the Constitution and the laws made there under, by the concerned authorities, established under the law for such purpose.

19. Violation of the Constitution is a grave legal wrong and remains so for all time to come. It cannot be legitimized and shall remain illegitimate for ever, however, on the necessity of the State only; such legal wrongs can be condoned in certain circumstances, invoking the maxims, Id quod Alias Non Est Licitum, Necessitas Licitum Facit, salus populi est suprema lex and salus republicae est suprema lex.

20. As such, all acts and things done and actions and proceedings taken during the period from August 15, 1975 to April 9, 1979 are condoned as past and closed transctions, but such condonations are made not because those are legal but only in the interest of the Republic in order to avoid chaos and confusion in the society, although distantly apprehended, however, those remain illegitimate and void forever.

21. Condonations of provisions were made, among others, in respect of provisions, deleting the various provisions of the Fourth Amendment but no condonation of the Provisions was allowed in respect of omission of any provision enshrined in the original Constitution. The Preamble, Article 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 25, 38 and 142 remains as it was in the original Constitution. No condonation is allowed in respect of change of any of these provisions of the Constitution. Besides, Article 95, as amended by the Second Proclamation Order No. IV of 1976, is declared valid and retained.
We further declare:
i. The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1979 (Act 1 of 1979) is declared illegal and void ab intio, subject to condonations of the provisions and actions taken thereon as mentioned above.
ii. The “ratification and confirmation” of The Abandoned Properties (Supplementary Provisions) Regulation, 1977 (Martial Law Regulation No. VII of 1977) and Proclamations (Amendment) Order, 1977 (Proclamations Order, No. 1 of 1977) with regard to insertion of Paragraph 3A to Fourth Schedule of the Constitution by the paragraph 18 of the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution added by the Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1979 (Act 1 of 1979), is declared to have been made without lawful authority and is of no legal effect.
We further direct the respondents to handover the physical possession of the premises, known as Moon Cinema Hall at 11, Wiseghat, Dhaka, in favour of the Petitioners, within 60 Sixty) days from the date of receipt of the copy of this Judgment and Order.

In the result, the Rule is made absolute but without any order as to costs.

Before parting with the case, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the learned Advocates appearing in this case for their unfailing assistance to us. I have enriched my knowledge by their profound learning and experience. I would like to put it on record my deep appreciation for all of them.

মধ্যবিত্তের রাজনৈতিক বোঝাপড়া

ga¨we‡Ëi ivR‰bwZK †evSvcov: ms¯‹…wZi fvOv †mZz

AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi Òms¯‹…wZi fvOv †mZzÓ Ges ga¨we‡Ëi ivR‰bwZK †evSvcov cÖm½| wb‡Ri Rxeb‡eva †_‡K cÖeÜwU evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi PwiÎ wbav©iY K‡i‡Qb AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm| Avgiv Zvi wKQz eqvb †`wL-

cÖ_g eqvb[1]

wØZxq eqvb[2]

Òms¯‹„wZ wb‡q eyw×Rxex‡`i g‡a¨ ÔAvRKvwj e‡ov †MvjÕ †`Lv hvq| cÖwZc¶ Qvov †Kvb ZK© †Zgb R‡g bv, ms¯‹…wZ wel‡q K_vevZv©q GKwU kΓc¶ Ry‡U †M‡Q, GB kΓe‡ii bvg ÔAcms¯‹…wZÕ| kn‡ii GjvKvq †Zv e‡UB, wbg kû‡i RvqMv¸‡jv‡ZI m”Qj, GgbKx wbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii †Q‡j‡g‡qiv iO-‡ei‡Oi bvbviKg ig¨ cwÎKv, wUwf, wdj¥ I wfwmAv‡ii Kj¨v‡Y Acms¯‹…wZi PPv© cÖvY f‡i †`‡L Ges wb‡R‡`i Rxe‡b Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ GKwbô mvabv Pvjvq| GB mvabv Avevi webv LiPvq nq bv, Gi Rb¨ cqmv `iKvi| m`v cwieZ©bkxj KvUQvu‡Ui Kvco‡Pvco, w÷Kvi, †Pb BZ¨vw` †Zv e‡UB, †KvKv‡Kvjv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i g`, MuvRv, Pim, K¨v‡giv, †Uc-‡iKWv©i, wUwf, wfwmAvi, †nvÛv, Mvwo- †h †hgb cv‡i- cÖf„wZ Dcv`vb Qvov GB mvabv Ae¨vnZ ivLv eo KwVb| GLv‡b KÕUv evc-gv Av‡Q hviv wbqwgZ Gm‡ei †hvMvb w`‡Z cv‡i?Ó

Òmgv‡Ri AMÖmi Ask e‡j GB wb‡q eyw×Rxex‡`i Aby‡kvPbvi Aš— †bB| Acms¯‹…wZi wei“‡× Zvuiv GZB †mv”Pvi †h GUv‡K Zuviv evsjvi wkí ms¯‹„wZi cweÎ †Mv`y‡»i fuv‡o wecyj cwigvY †Mv‡Pvbv e‡j Vvni K‡i †d‡j‡Qb| Zvu‡`i Kv‡Q Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZPPv©i cÖn¬v`K~‡j GKgvÎ ˆ`Z¨ nj Acms¯‹„wZ| Acms¯‹…wZ cÖPv‡ii `yR©q NuvwU †Uwjwfkb ch©š— GB wb‡q Avd‡mvm Kivi Rb¨ Zuv‡`i nvqvi Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡`i †Kvb †Kvb exicyi“l eyw×Rxex †Uwjwfk‡bi c`v©q Acms¯‹…wZi wei“‡× PvcvevwR K‡i `y‡Uv cqmv I bvg Kvgv‡Z GZUzKz †cQcv n‡”Qb bv| GLb K¨v›Ub‡g›U ‡hgb MYZš¿ weZi‡Yi `vZe¨ †K›`ª, `wi`ª I ï`ª †`kevmx‡K LuvwU wbR©jv MYZš¿ mieiv‡ni ûsKvi †kvbv hvq †mLvb †_‡KB, bvbviKg jçS¤ú,Q¨vejv‡gv fuvov‡gv I BqvwK©i duv‡K duv‡K †Uwjwfk‡b †Zgwb †NvwlZ nq my¯’ ms¯‹…wZ cÖPv‡ii msKí|Ó

GLv‡b cÖ_g cv‡V ÔAcms¯‹…wZiÕ †nvZv Ges Zvi wei“‡× cwiPq `vbKvix eyw×Rxwei PwiÎ wZwb wb‡RB wbav©iY Ki‡Qb| Kviv Zvn‡j Acms¯‹…wZi cÖvY cÖ_g cv‡Vi e³e¨ †_‡K †hgb †evSv hvq †mBm‡½ eyS‡Z cvwi †KvbUv ms¯‹…wZ, †mUv bq eis †KvbUv n‡j ms¯‹…wZ n‡e bv| d‡j cÖkœ nj GmKj Dcv`vb jBqv Avgviv †Kv_vq hvBe? ga¨we‡Ëi GmKj Acms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb Kx mgvR †_‡K AvcwbB wejyß nBqv hvB‡e? bvwK Avgiv mK‡j wgwjqv we‡jvc NUvBe? ms¯‹…wZ ga¨we‡Ëi GKUv bqv cÖeYZv †h eiveiB ciRxexi g‡Zv wU‡K Av‡Q|

Av‡iKwU eqvb:

cÖ_g eqvb[3]

wØZxq eqvb

ÒZv †m e¨vcv‡iI mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i wUwf I wm‡bgvIqvjviv m`v cÖ¯‘Z| nvBR¨vK, Pzwi, WvKvwZ, gvivgvwi, jçSç cÖf„wZi Qwe †`wL‡q hye m¤cÖ`vq‡K Giv A_© msMÖ‡ni kU©KvU c_ iß Kivi cÖwk¶Y w`‡”Q| G‡Z cqmv Kvgv‡bv P‡j, Ab¨w`‡K cqmv Kvgv‡bvi c×wZUvI Hai‡Yi ms¯‹…wK PPv©i Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| GBfv‡e earn while you learn Kg©‡hv‡M DØy× n‡q hye m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU Ask GKB m‡½ A‡_©vcv©Rb I ms¯‹…wZPPv© `y‡Uv‡ZB mgvb cvi½g n‡q D‡V‡Q| Av_©Mg n‡”Q †`‡L G‡`i Ôi¶YkxjÕ ev Ôi“wPkxjÕ evc-gvI PzcPvc _vKvUv eyw×gv‡bi KvR g‡b K‡ib| KviY †Kvb †Kvb KZ©e¨cviqY cyÎ Zv‡`i DcvwR©Z A‡_©i LvwbKUv evwo‡ZI Xv‡j| Gqvov, Gme hye‡Ki A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ AvRKvj ag©PPv©i cÖeYZvI †`Lv hvq| me Iqv³ bvgvR covi mgq bv-‡c‡jI ïµevi Giv gmwR‡` hvq, gvnv aygavg K‡i C`-k‡eeivZ K‡i, cx‡ii †cQ‡b AKvZ‡i UvKv Xv‡j, ZvweR †bq, myj¶Yv cv_i †K‡b Ges gvRvi †`L‡jB †mR`v †`q| GB me †`‡L ci‡nRMvi evev-gv †ek Z…ß- bv, †h hvB ejyK, Pzwi-Qu¨vPivwg, nvBR¨vK, WvKvwZ hvB Ki“K, g`-MuvRv hZB UvbyK, wKš‘ †Q‡ji Avgvi a‡g© gwZ Av‡Q; cx‡ii †Z‡R Gme DcmM© GKw`b S‡i co‡e, ZZw`b N‡i `y‡Uv cqmv Avm‡Q AvmyK, †Q‡ji Kj¨v‡Y evc-gvI Rv‡Z DV‡Z cv‡”Q, GUvB ev Kg Kx?Ó

Òeyw×Rxex I evgcš’x ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡`i A‡b‡KB, †evanq AwaKvskB, gvby‡li cÖwZ ghv©`v †ev‡ai cwiPq †`bwb| `dvq `dvq e›`y‡Ki gv_vq hviv ¶gZvq Av‡m Zviv nj †ckv`vi Lywb| gvbyl Zv‡`i Kv‡Q PgrKvi †Mg, wkKvi gvÎ| cvjv©‡g›Uvwi ivRbxwZwe`‡`i Kv‡Q kªgRwex gvby‡li GKgvÎ cwiPq †fvUvi wnmv‡e| Q‡i-e‡j-‡KŠk‡j gnvg~j¨evb †fvUwU wbs‡o wb‡q cvjv©‡g›Uvwi ivRbxwZwe` kªgRxex wbgœweˇK wQe‡oi g‡Zv Qzu‡o †d‡jb| evgcš’x ivRbxwZwe‡`i Kv‡Q kªgRxex gvbyl nj Av‡›`vj‡bi nvwZqvi| Zuv‡K nvwZqvi wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡jB evgcš’x ivRbxwZwe`‡`i A‡b‡KB wb‡R‡`i mdj wec­ex fv‡eb|Ó[4] Òevgcš’x ivR‰bwZK Kgx©‡`i AwaKvskB Av‡mb wbgœ-ga¨weË cwievi †_‡K| †Q‡j‡ejv †_‡K evwo‡Z Guiv wKQzbv wKQz covi my‡hvM cvb| Mí Dcb¨vm †Zv c‡obB, †KD †KD KweZvI c‡ob| GKUz eqm n‡j wb‡R‡`i eyw× I we‡ePbvi mvnv‡h¨ Pvicv‡ki RM‡Zi m‡½ cov‡kvbv I wb‡R‡`i wPš—v wgwj‡q †`‡Lb|Ó[5] Òwbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii AwaKvskB knievmx| evgcš’x Kg©x‡`i KvR Ki‡Z nq MÖv‡g, wKš‘ Giv gvbyl n‡q‡Qb kn‡i| GB kni cÖK…Z kniI n‡Z cv‡i Avevi wbgkniI n‡Z cv‡i|Ó[6] Ò...ga¨weË I wbgœ-ga¨weË cwiev‡ii †jvKRb Av‡kcv‡ki MÖv‡gi Rxeb †_‡K wew”Qbœ GgbKx wb‡R‡`i MÖv‡gi Rwgi Ici wbf©ikxj ev Avav-wbf©ikxj cwiev‡ii ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R-cov †Q‡j‡g‡qiv †QvULvU Rxeb hvcb m¤ú‡K© cÖvq m¤ú~Y© AÁ| GB †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †QvULvU PvKwi-Kiv ev †QvULvU e¨emv-Kiv evcPvPvi Rxe‡bi cig mva GB †h †Q‡jiv fvj PvKwi wb‡q eo kn‡i hvK, e¨emv hw` K‡i †Zv eo kn‡iB wM‡q Ki“K| †g‡q‡`i we‡qi Rb¨ Zvi knievmx ei †Luv‡Rb|Ó[7]

MYgva¨‡gi Kj¨v‡Y, Avgiv ga¨weË Zvn‡j Gai‡Yi Acms¯‹…wZi PPv© wkLwQ| GK_v wbwðZfv‡eB a‡i †bIqv hvq| Avevi Avgiv ga¨weË Rvwb bv, †Kvb †kªYxi †`ŠjZ`vwi‡Z emevm KiwQ| Bnv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ga¨we‡Ëi, D”PweË nevi Lv‡qk| cwð‡g Kviv ga¨weË, Kx Ki‡Q, Zvi GKwU bgybv Avgiv †`L‡Z cvwi-

g~j cvV[8]

Av‡jvPbv

By 1955 all western European countries were producing more than in the 1930s. Abroad, from 1952 onward, western Europe was earning more than it spent. Between 1950 and 1955, average productivity in Europe increased by 26 percent. Although British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was both misunderstood and mocked when he made the remark, he had some justification for telling an audience on 20 july, 1957: “Most of our people have never had it so good.” The benefits, for ordinary Europeans took many forms. There was easier access to higher education and cheaper mass travel. There was more varied food; there better health, preserved by medicine. There were new synthetic materials, more plentiful housing, and wider automobile ownership. There were seterophonic recordings, colour television, high friendly audio equipment, and cheap paperback editions of serious books. There were new, more classless eating houses, pedestrain precincts, supermarkets and shoping malls. What its critics called ‘Americanization’ had arrived. But affluence had a downside, in Europe as elsewhere. It offen harmed the environment: more cars meant more roads, and more yacts meant more marinas. It multiplied the production of waste, not all of it biodegradable. It sonetimes seemed to glorify greed snobbeny, espacially when it passed some people by. It troubled the young and the thoughtful: their material needs sated, they might be left asking, ‘So What?’ With money more plentiful, it was easier to be spendthrift. With greater prosperity, drug abuse and alcoholism become more common; so, paradoxically, did hooliganism and casual crime. One of the by-products of ‘consumer values’ that was voiced by student rebels in and around 1968. It left many Europeans unsure of their deeper objectives and, stillmore, of their role in a bewildering world.

GLv‡b j¶ Ki“b BD‡iv‡c 1930 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 1955 Zv‡`i Drcv`b hLb †e‡o †Mj ZLb †mLvbKvi gvby‡li Avq †e‡o †Mj| †mBm‡½ Zv‡`i cvj­v w`‡q Zv‡`i e¨q evoj bv| GB AwZwi³ A_© Zv‡`i nv‡Z Rgv n‡Z jvMj| GB AwZwi³ A_© Zviv †Kv_vq e¨q Ki‡e! GUv ZLb wewfbœfv‡e e¨q Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡iwQj we‡bv`b I chv©U‡b| me‡P‡q eo K_v Pvwn`vi AmxgZv ˆZwi n‡jv| D`vniY wnmv‡e ejv hvq, PviR‡bi msmv‡i GKR‡bi †K¬vRAvc †có, GKR‡bi †ccmy‡W›U, GKR‡bi †nvqvBU c­vm, GKR‡bi †Kvj‡MU cQ›`| nq Avcbv‡K PviwU †cóB wKb‡Z n‡e bZzev GKwU †có wKb‡eb evKx wZbRb‡K kvš— Ki‡eb| wKš‘ Pvwn`v i‡qB hv‡e| KviY cQ›` ev i“wP| GUv ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K Avgv‡`i we‡bv`‡bi eB¸‡jv wKsev wm‡bgvi g‡Zv A‡bKwKQz †_‡K| we‡bv`‡bi eB¸‡jvi Ges wm‡bgvi Avb›` Avgv‡`i g~j¨‡ev‡ai aib-aviY †kLv‡Z ïi“ K‡i| A_©vr Kx n‡j †cÖg cweÎ n‡e wKsev gvbyl KLb my›`i Pwi‡Îi nq| †KvbUv cÖwgZ fvlv n‡e GiKg A‡bK wKQzB| A_v©r Pvwn`vi Dcv`vb Avgv‡`i †_‡KB hvB| Gici ga¨weË co‡Z ïi“ K‡i `k©‡bi mvieËv eB¸‡jv d‡j M‡o IV‡Z _v‡K bZzb GK Pvwn`vi †Mvj‡hvM †hLvb †_‡K †m c_ nvwi‡q †d‡j| RvZxqZv‡eva †mLvb †_‡KB ïi“ nq| ïi“ nq ab-‡`Šj‡Zi wbivcËv e¨e¯’v| BD‡iv‡ci Gme ga¨weË wkí wbf©i †`k bq Zv‡`i Dci cÖfve †dj‡Z ïi“ K‡i| Zvi KviY KvPvgv‡ji †hvMvb`vZv ZvivB| ab-‡`Šj‡Zi w`‡K Giv †QvU e‡j; Gme †`‡ki gvby‡li wePi‡Yi Rb¨ Aeva AwaKvi wbwl× nq| KvM‡Ri gy`ªvi wek¦vm ˆZwi nq BD‡iv‡ci GB ga¨we‡Ë mgv‡Ri| KvM‡Ri gy`ªv ZvB evo‡Z _v‡K m¤ú` wnmv‡e; hvi cuywR nj wek¦vm| mevB GKm‡½ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †_‡K m¤ú` PvB‡e bv| Avevi mKj MÖvnK GKm‡½ Zvi m¤ú` D‡Ëvjb Ki‡e bv| GB Zij m¤ú‡`i †Ljv Nyi‡Z _v‡K ga¨we‡Ëi g‡a¨| d‡j Drcv`‡bi m‡½ Zviv RwoZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ GB Kv¸‡R m¤ú‡`i Kvi‡b Zviv AwfRvZ n‡q IVvi jovB‡q wjß nq| d‡j ¶gZvi K…lK hviv Zviv g¨vKwgjv‡bi gZB e‡jb, Ôgvbyl Avgv‡`i Avg‡j A‡bK my‡L Av‡Q|Õ Kv¸‡R wek¦v‡mi m¤ú` fywgi wKsev KviLvbvi Drcv`b‡K g‡b K‡i †¤­”Q| AwfRvZ‡`i m¤ú‡`i wewbg‡qi GB Kv¸‡R wek¦vm Zv‡`i g~j¨‡eva‡K aviY K‡i| GB g~j¨‡eva Zv‡K Awnsm c×wZ‡Z AwfRvZ Ki‡e GB RvZxq †PZbv †m avib K‡i| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨weË Ges BD‡iv‡ci ga¨we‡Ëi ZdvZ †bB, Zdvr ïay evsjv‡`‡k D”PweË †bB| Zvi KviY BD‡iv‡ci g‡Zv Avgv‡`i GLv‡b GKR‡bi GKK ¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i cwigvb LyeB Kg| Kv¸‡R wek¦vm we‡Ëi †Rv‡i Zviv eo‡Rvi D”Pga¨weË| ZvB ga¨we‡Ëi PwiÎ RwUj bq eis Aw¯’wZkxjZvi wPš—v KvV‡gvi g‡a¨ emevm|

fvebvi †hvMvb

cÖeÜwUi cÖKvwkZ- Ôms¯‹…wZi fvOv †mZzÕ bv‡g; ms¯‹…wZ; Avwk¦b 1391: †m‡Þ¤^i 1984| eB AvKv‡i cÖKvk 12 †deª“qvwi 1997 KjKvZv †_‡K| cÖKvkK bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv| ÒGB †jLv¸‡jv bvbvb Av‡jvPbv mfvq, AvÇvq, GgbKx `y-GKwU †mwgbv‡iI ejv n‡qwQj, cov ej‡Z hv †evSvq Zv nqwb| KviY G‡`i †Kvb wbf©i‡hvM¨ Lmov wQj bv|Ó[9] wRqDi ingvb wbnZ n‡q‡Qb 1981 mvj| Gikv` ¶gZv wb‡q‡Qb 1982 mvj| Gikv` ZLb gvkv©j jÕ Rvwi K‡i‡Qb| ˆ¯^ivPvi we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb ZLbI ïi“ nqwb| †jLK wkwei gvÎ M‡o DV‡Q| UvBgm g¨vMvwR‡bi Z_¨ Abymv‡i ZLb evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvix Aby`v‡bi cwigvb †e‡o †M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k iwOb †Uwjwfkb Pvjy n‡q‡Q| XvKvq Agjv‡`i ZLb bZzbfv‡e DÌvb| XvKvi avbgwÛ‡Z †h Avgjviv Rwg †c‡qwQ‡jb †mLv‡b bZzb XvKv m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| miKvix Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZ‡bi cyb©MVb| e¨emvqx †Lvjv evRvibxwZ Pvjy nq| cywuR e¨emv ïi“ nq| ÔivwL gv‡jiÕ e¨emv e‡j cwiwPZ| we‡`kx mvnv‡h¨i cwigvb †e‡o hvIqvi d‡j †`‡k ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi cwigvb †e‡o hvq| ZLb UvBg g¨vMvwR‡bi †mf `¨v wPj‡Wª‡bi GKwU weÁvcb GiKg wQj, Òdig wU cyiY Ki“b Ges `y¯’ wkïi Rb¨ `k Wjvi wbbÓ| GiKg nvRv‡iv Lv‡Z nvRv‡iv mvnvh¨| Z‡e K…wl I wk‡íi Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î bq| ÒcuywRi Avš—©RvwZKZv eo welg e¨vcvi-¯’‡j-Aš—ix‡¶ me©N‡U Zvi wePiY, wKš‘ Zvi Ici `Lj mevi cvKv bq Jcwb‡ewkK †Zv e‡UB, DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK hy‡MI BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi Zzjbvq fviZ-evsjvi Kcv‡j cuywRi cÖmv` †Zgb †Rv‡Uwb| üócyó cÖ_g we‡k¦i cv‡k Z…Zxq wek¦‡K †eRvq i“Mœ, †eRvq †ivMv‡U jv‡M| Ôe¨w³Õ- weKv‡ki gvÎv hw` †Kej cuywRi fv‡Mi Ask Abymv‡i wbav©wiZ nq, Zvn‡j †K bv gvb‡e: Dcwb‡e‡ki Ôe¨w³Õ Rb¥gyn~Z© †_‡KB ¶xY weKjv½, BD‡ivcxq ev gvwK©b ey‡Rv©qvi gZb †ZR ev `vcU `y‡Uvi †KvbUvB †bB| GKB hyw³‡Z, `ye©j Ôe¨w³Õi AvqbvI Z‰_eP: Svcmv, †avuqv‡U| cÖvMvaywbK cðvrUvb, A‰eÁvwbK wek¦vm, Dcwb‡ewkK Dcb¨vm‡K †Rvi`vi mv‡Rvqvb wKQz‡ZB n‡Z †`q bv| Dcwb‡e‡ki f„Z¨‡`i ZvB `y‡fv©‡Mi Aš— †bB: cÖfyi bKj Ki‡Z Pvq, Ki‡Z Pvq A_P evieviB cÛ nq me Av‡qvRb|Ó[10]

fvebv

K. evgcš’x PwiÎ †Kgb?

mgvRZ‡š¿i wewfbœ ZwiKvi msMVb evgcš’x PwiÎ †cj Zvi KviY Zviv iv‡óªi msm‡`i evg As‡k e‡mb bZzev miKv‡ii Kvh©µ‡gi ïayB cÖwZwµqvkxj msMVb| miKv‡ii Kv‡h©i cÖwZwµqvkxj A_©B evgcš’x| ÔˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿Õ wµqv Gai‡bi mgvRZš¿‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i Kx? d‡j evgcš’x PwiÎ GKA‡_© cwi¯‹vi Ab¨ A‡_© †Nvjv‡U| Kx DËi Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q mZ¨?

L. †Kvb evgcš’vi wbK‡U wd‡i hv‡”Qb? wµqvkxj bvwK cÖwZwµqvkxj|

M. evgcš’x QvÎ-PwiÎ cwi¯‹vi bq †Kb? ga¨weË Qv‡Îi Rb¨ Gai‡bi PwiÎ n‡q IVv A‡bK mnR †Kb? kªwgK-K…lK‡`i `yt‡L Av‡eM Avc­yZ nIqv m¤¢e e‡jB Kx? bvwK Zvi c‡¶ ïayB cÖwZwµqvkxj nIqv m¤¢e? GKUv cÖK…wZK `y‡hv©M KLb Av‡e‡Mi e¨emv n‡q `uvovq?

N. ab-‡`Šj‡Zi LyuUv †_‡K ga¨we‡Ëi cwigvc Kx?

O. cvðv‡Z¨i mgv‡R D”PweË Ges ga¨weË Pwi‡Îi dvivK Kx?

S. ga¨weË Kx kªwgK bv kªwgK bq? kªg KvVv‡gv Avm‡j Kx?

T. ga¨we‡Ëi weKvk AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm Kxfv‡e †`L‡Qb?

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[1] c„.1, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[2] c„.2, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[3] c„.1, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[4] c„.14, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[5] c„.6, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[6] c„.7, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[7] c„.7, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[8] Page-720, European History and Culture; The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume-18, Macropaedia, 15^th Edition, 1993, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

[9] K…ZÁZv, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

[10] f~wgKv, wkevRx e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, c„.5I 6, ms¯‹„wZi fvOv †mZz, AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm; bqv D‡`¨vM, KjKvZv; 1997|

‌বাঙলাদেশে এখন ফেসবুক বন্ধ আছে। অনেকেই খুশি আবার অনেকেই নয়। কেন আমি তা জানি না। দিনের প্রচুর কর্ম ঘন্টা এখানে অনেকে ব্যয় করেছেন যোগাযোগ করতে। কিন্তু এখন তারা কী করবেন?